What is the ethical obligation regarding informed consent?

• A. Withholding risks to avoid alarming patient
• B. Obtain informed consent by explaining risks, benefits, and alternatives before treatment
• C. Only obtaining consent when the patient is a minor
• D. Provide consent after treatment is completed

Answer: (B)

Informed consent means that a patient must understand what will be done, what the risks and benefits are, and what alternatives exist, and then voluntarily agree to the treatment before it begins. This respects the patient’s autonomy and allows for an informed, voluntary decision rather than coercion or assumption.

Explain the specifics clearly: what the procedure or treatment entails, the potential positives and the possible downsides or complications, and any reasonable alternatives, including the option of no treatment. The patient should have the opportunity to ask questions and must have the capacity to decide without pressure.

This approach is ethical and often legally required because it ensures the patient makes an informed choice about their own care. Withholding risks to avoid alarming the patient undermines trust and safety. Consent should occur before treatment, not after, and while adults generally give consent themselves, minors involve guardians.